Structural ordering driven anisotropic magnetoresistance, anomalous Hall resistance and its topological overtones in full-Heusler Co2MnSi thin films

We report the evolution of crystallographic structure, magnetic ordering and electronic transport in thin films of full-Heusler alloy Co$_2$MnSi deposited on (001) MgO with annealing temperatures ($T_A$). By increasing the $T_A$ from 300$^\circ$C to 600$^\circ$C, the film goes from a disordered nanocrystalline phase to $B2$ ordered and finally to the $L2_1$ ordered alloy. The saturation magnetic moment improves with structural ordering and approaches the Slater-Pauling value of $\approx 5.0 \mu_B$ per formula unit for $T_A$ = 600$^\circ$C. At this stage the films are soft magnets with coercive and saturation fields as low as $\approx$ 7 mT and 350 mT, respectively. Remarkable effects of improved structural order are also seen in longitudinal resistivity ($\rho_{xx}$) and residual resistivity ratio. A model based upon electronic transparency of grain boundaries illucidates the transition from a state of negative $d\rho/dT$ to positive $d\rho/dT$ with improved structural order. The Hall resistivity ($\rho_{xy}$) derives contribution from the normal scattering of charge carriers in external magnetic field, the anomalous effect originating from built-in magnetization and a small but distinct topological Hall effect in the disordered phase. The carrier concentration ($n$) and mobility ($\mu$) have been extracted from the high field $\rho_{xy}$ data. The highly ordered films are characterized by $n$ and $\mu$ of 1.19$\times$ 10$^{29}$ m$^{-3}$ and 0.4 cm$^2V^{-1}s^{-1}$ at room temperature. The dependence of $\rho_{xy}$ on $\rho_{xx}$ indicates the dominance of skew scattering in our films, which shows a monotonic drop on raising the $T_A$. The topological Hall effect is analyzed for the films annealed at 300$^\circ$C. ......Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, 1 tabl

Proposed Methodology for Crowdsourcing and Agile Development

In this research work, devised a methodology for ‘crowdsourcing’ focused on incorporating these methods to Agile Development in software engineering. The whole SDLC model for crowdsourcing is developed and tried to be integrated with Agile. This is done in order to speed up the process of Agile Development as Agile is a Rapid Application Development (RAD) based software engineering methodology. The ‘workers’ of the crowdsourcing process are individually assigned the Roles of the Agile methods that function upon the Agile tasks and produce the deliverables. Keywords: Crowdsourcing, Requirement Elicitation, Tasks Hierarchy Diagram, Concurrent Task Mode

Crowd Sourcing Rules in Agile Software Engineering to Improve Efficiency Using Ontological Framework

Business Rule Management System provides the necessary seeds for the planning, implementing, verifying and validating the Agile Requirements. The BRMS model needs to be modified in a way that organizational growth runs parallel with the intrinsic expansion in the number of User Requirements in Agile Development. This growth in Requirements or Rules in Agile Software Development is an obvious overhead that needs to be managed properly considering its sprint nature. A Semantic approach is followed by design and maintenance of an Ontology called RAgile. The ontology is developed in ‘Protégé 5 having inherent capability of Ontology Merging in case of disparate Rule files. User requirements that are drawn into the Rules or Policies depend upon the features users expect of the Agile System

An Optimum Inventory Policy for Exponentially Deteriorating Items, Considering Multi Variate Consumption Rate with Partial Backlogging

Customer purchasing deeds may be affected by factors such as selling price and inventory level instead of demand which is considered either constant or function of a single variable which is not feasible. Consequently, in the present study, we have considered the demand rate as a function of stock-level and selling price both. In the present study, in order to develop this model, it has been assumed that items are exponentially decaying and shortages are partially backlogged and the most realistic backlogging rate is considered. In this research, we proposed a partial backlogging inventory model for exponentially decaying items considering stock and selling price dependent demand rate in fuzzy environment. In developing the model demand rate, ordering cost, purchasing cost, holding cost, back ordering cost and opportunity cost are considered as triangular fuzzy numbers. Graded mean integration representation method is used for defuzzification. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the problem. Sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to the changes in the value of system parameters is also discussed

Formation of double ring patterns on Co2MnSi Heusler alloy thin film by anodic oxidation under scanning probe microscope

Double ring formation on Co2MnSi (CMS) films is observed at electrical breakdown voltage during local anodic oxidation (LAO) using atomic force microscope (AFM). Corona effect and segregation of cobalt in the vicinity of the rings is studied using magnetic force microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Double ring forma-tion is attributed to the interaction of ablated material with the induced magnetic field during LAO. Steepness of forward bias transport characteristics from the unperturbed region of the CMS film suggest a non equilibrium spin contribution. Such mesoscopic textures in magnetic films by AFM tip can be potentially used for memory storage applications.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure

An Inflated Probability Model for the Rural Out-Migration

The main objective of the paper is to develop an inflated Probability model for the total number of migrants from a household. The suitability of the model is tested through observed data

Bayes Estimation of Shape Parameter of Length Biased Weibull Distribution

In this paper, length biased Weibull distribution is considered for Bayesian analysis. The expressions for Bayes estimators of the parameter have been derived under squared error, precautionary, entropy, K-loss, and Al-Bayyati’s loss functions by using quasi and gamma priors

Carbon Allotrope Graphene: Superstar In Nano- World

Graphene is a substance made of pure carbon, with atoms arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern similar to graphite, but in a one-atom thick sheet. It is an allotrope of carbon whose structure is a single planar sheet of sp 2 -bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. Hence, graphene may be considered as the mother of graphite, fullerene and carbon nanotubes. Graphene can also be considered as the final member of the series of fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene, anthracene and coronene It has many exceptional features which make it a superstar in the world of nanotechnology as thinnest material, practically transparent (3,000,000 sheets equal to 1mm), stiffest, strongest (Youngs modulus >0.51 TPa, tensile strength ~130 Gpa) largest surface-to-weight ratio (~2,700 m2/gram) very stretchable (stretch up to 20%), conducts heat and electricity better than any metal, impermeable to gases, large specific surface area, non-toxic, low cost and drug can attach on both sides of its sheet. Graphene can be successfully used as a non-toxic nano carrier for efficient gene transfection, a novel gene delivery, nano- vector with low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficiency, which is promising for future applications in non-viral-based gene therapy. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the shape of carbonaceous nanomaterials plays an extremely important role in how they interact with cells and potentially other biological systems, such as tissues and organisms. The cytotoxicity of graphene depends on the exposure environment and mode of interaction with cells as bacteria came directly contact with graphene, intensive physical interactions between graphene and bacterial cells may cause physical damages on cell membranes, and result in the release of intracellular contents and cytotoxicity and genotoxicity occur

Parameter estimation of p-dimensional Rayleigh distribution under weighted loss function

In this paper, p-dimensional Rayleigh distribution is considered. The classical maximum likelihood estimator has been obtained. Bayesian method of estimation is employed in order to estimate the scale parameter of p-dimensional Rayleigh distribution by using quasi and inverted gamma priors. The Bayes estimators of the scale parameter have been obtained under squared error and weighted loss functions

A Ratio-cum-Dual to Ratio Estimator of Population Variance Using Qualitative Auxiliary Information Under Simple Random Sampling

In this paper we have proposed a class of ratio-cum-dual to ratio estimators for estimating population variance of the variable under study, using known values of some population parameters of auxiliary variable, which is available in the form of an attribute. The expressions for the bias and mean squared error of the proposed estimators have been derived up to the first order of approximation. A comparison has been made with some well-known estimators of population variance available in the literature when auxiliary information is in qualitative form. It has been shown that the proposed estimator is better than the existing estimators under the optimum condition. For illustration, an empirical study has been carried out